Morphological, geochemical composition and origins of near-surface atmospheric dust in Changsha city of China

Near-surface atmospheric dust in Changsha city of China was analyzed in terms of morphological and geochemical composition. Morphological and chemical composition of the dust particles were analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Results indicated that the atmospheric dusts were mainly composed of spherule, plate, irregularly shaped and agglomerate, which contains variable sizes and amounts of particles. The dust particles could be categorized into five groups based on their chemical characteristic: Al-, Si-, Ca-, C-rich particles and aggregate. These particles and aggregate could be directly related to nearby polluting activities, such as building construction, traffic emission and coal combustion. The X-ray diffraction results show that the main minerals for atmospheric dust are gypsum, quartz and calcite. Mica, halloysite, montmorillonite, hematite, brushite, zeolite, sepiolite, feldspar, alite, dickite, SiS₂, Fe₆(OH)₂CO₃, FeSO₄, CdSO₄, Pb(NO)₂O₃, Al₂SO₄(OH)₄, As₂O₃SO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄Cl, K(NH₄)·Ca(SO₄)₂·H₂O are also detected in samples. The identification of heavy metals shows that the concentrations of Cr (403.5?mg?kg^?1), Cu (126?mg?kg^?1), Zn (1541.5?mg?kg^?1), Cd (2.5?mg?kg^?1) and Pb (348?mg?kg^?1) in the atmospheric dust are much higher compared to background value of soil. It indicates that the heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in the atmospheric dust is mainly due to human activities. The identification of main sources of atmospheric dust collected in typical areas can help to control the polluting sources in urban area.     

RECENT CHANGES OF SELECTED LAKE WATER RESOURCES IN ARID XINJIANG,NORTHWESTERN CHINA

新疆干旱区处于内陆腹地,降水稀少而蒸发量大,区内湖泊经长期自然演化后多为盐湖和咸水湖.近几十年来,在气候持续增暖和人类活动驱动下,湖泊波动变化频繁,对湖泊资源环境及其区域生态环境产生重大影响.本文通过新疆地区山地、平原等不同地貌单元的6个淡水和微咸水湖泊的水量、水质状况分析和对比研究,进行了近期湖泊水资源变化分析.研究表明,近十多年来,喀纳斯湖和赛里木湖等山地湖泊有一定的扩展,但湖泊的水量和水质没有明显的变化.博斯腾湖和柴窝堡湖等山前绿洲湖泊以及乌伦古湖和吉力湖等河流尾间湖泊总体收缩,水体咸化.湖泊的变化总体上是对区域气候变化的响应,但湖泊流域人类活动和湖盆形态特征等方面的不同,导致湖泊演化过程的空间差异.湖泊水质变化与湖泊水量变化具有明显的对应关系,湖泊水量增加水体淡化,反之咸化.近十多年来,山地湖泊赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖水质变化相对稳定,山前绿洲湖泊博斯腾湖和柴窝堡湖水质则持续恶化,而河流尾闾湖泊乌伦古湖和吉力湖水质变化波动较大,并从2008年开始逐渐好转,处于水化学类型易变的过渡阶段.     

活动构造对高原边界侵蚀速率空间分布的控制作用——以龙门山地区为例

利用穿过龙门山地区的河流水文与泥沙资料估算该地区现代侵蚀速率,进而研究探讨其空间分布的不均匀性.年代尺度的现代侵蚀速率空间分布表明,高侵蚀区分布于控制高原边界的龙门山活动断裂带和岷山活动断裂带附近且位于逆冲断裂上盘宽约50km范围内,其值达0.5～0.8mm/a.在地形上,该高侵蚀速率区对应于陡峭高原边界的地形陡坡带....     

末次盛冰期以来科尔沁沙地古气候变化及其边界重建

利用光释光测年技术,获得了覆盖科尔沁沙地内部及外围的20个风成沙-砂质古土壤沉积序列的年代.在分析前人研究的基础上,结合地层和气候代用指标重建了末次盛冰期以来科尔沁沙地的演化过程.结果表明:科尔沁沙地的气候变化和沙丘的固定与活化主要经历了4个阶段,即:26 ～ 12ka,气候极端干冷,沙地大面积活化;12.0 ～9.5ka,气候趋于暖湿,但仍比较干冷,沙地由大规模沙化向固定成壤过渡;9.5～2.5ka,气候暖湿,沙地基本固定;2.5ka以来,气候呈干冷与暖湿交替状态,沙地亦存在多次固定与活化,其中,从1.5ka开始,沙丘活化明显.基于风沙沉积序列的空间分布和光释光测年结果,末次盛冰期科尔沁沙地同时向南和北扩展:南至翁牛特-库伦旗一线,至少扩张了26km;北至霍林河一带,至少扩张了30km;东界受东辽河限制,与现代边界几乎一致.沙地面积较现代扩张了至少2.05×104km2,扩大了37.7％.全新世大暖期,沙丘大面积固定.研究表明,科尔沁沙地气候与环境演变受东亚季风影响,也是全球气候变化的区域响应.     

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期呼伦贝尔沙地的环境变化

呼伦贝尔沙地保存的风沙层-古土壤沉积序列,是认识过去环境变化的重要地质记录.沙地沉积具有速率快、沉积与侵蚀并存的特点,因此,通过大量独立的光释光年代控制对不同的剖面进行拼接,可以重建沙地在千年尺度上干湿变化过程以及特征时期的边界.本文获得了呼伦贝尔沙地8个沉积剖面的47个光释光年代和近200个样品的环境代用指标数据,结合已发表文献资料,揭示了16ka以来呼伦贝尔沙地千年尺度的干湿变化,并估算了末次盛冰期(LGM)和全新世大暖期(HO)沙地流沙的边界.初步认为,LGM期间,呼伦贝尔沙地相对于现代沙带边界,最远向北移动了约60km,向东移动了约50km,并且南北沙带之间的区域全部沙化;LGM期间沙漠化面积达到22337km2,相对现代沙漠化面积扩大了约2.7倍.而在HO期间,整个沙地被植被所固定,发育砂质古土壤层,只在局部区域存在短暂的风沙活动.     

2008年以来荣昌地区地震重新定位及地震丛集原因初探

通过对荣昌地区地震重新定位,结合当地注水资料,对该地区2008年以来地震丛集的原因进行初步研究.收集了2007～2011年6月间荣昌台记录的131个远震,计算了这些地震的接收函数,用H-Kappa叠加方法得到台站下方及附近的莫霍面深度,并用线性反演方法反演了该区S波速度结构.利用接收函数反演得到的速度结构,采用双差定位方法对荣昌及其邻区2008 ～2011年8月间ML≥1.0地震进行了重新定位,得到了408个地震的精确位置.重定位结果显示地震的水平震中分布与华蓥山断裂走向一致,另外在通过2010年M4.7地震震中且垂直于华蓥山断裂的剖面中,地震分布所勾画的发震断层轮廓显示地震的发震断层倾向为SE,倾角约70°左右,这与华蓥山断裂的产状(50°∠75°)较为一致.分析了注水点与地震分布的空间关系及注水量与地震频度的关系,认为注水井位置距离2008年以来的几次4级地震震中较远,震源深度主要分布在6 ～ 7km,且注水量与地震频度的对应关系不显著,地震丛集性原因尚待更多研究.     

江西北部及邻区地震活动特征

利用不同时间尺度、不同震级下限的资料,分析了江西北部及邻区的地震活动时空分布特点。结果显示：本区地震活动成组现象明显．中强地震前中短期阶段的地震学异常特征主要表现为地震空区、地震条带或中等地震集中增强区。未来数年内本区还有可能发生中强地震,目前应当高度重视区域的震情发展趋势。     

地磁Z分量日变形态畸变与周边低点位移异常关系初探

通过对2010年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间中国大陆地磁低点位移异常数据及蒙城地震台地磁垂直分量日变形态畸变统计,按低点位移分界线到蒙城地震台的距离,分段探讨该台地磁垂直分量日变形态畸变与其周边低点位移异常的关系.     

Sensitivity analysis of the probability distribution of groundwater level series based on information entropy

Information entropy is an effective method to analyze uncertainty in various processes. The principle of maximum entropy (POME) provides a guide line for the parameter estimation of probability density function (PDF). Mutual entropy analysis is well qualified for delineating the nonlinear and complex multivariable relationship. The probability distribution of model output is the element of model uncertainty analysis. In this paper, a synthetic groundwater flow field is build to produce groundwater level series (GLS). The probability distribution of GLS is obtained by the frequency analysis method based on POME and Chi-Squared test. The important uncertainty factors that affect the parameters of PDF of GLS are assessed by the sensitivity analysis methods, which include stepwise regression analysis and mutual entropy analysis. Results of this analysis indicate that most of the GLS follow normal distribution (or log-normal distribution), while a few obey others. The mean and variance of normal GLS are affected differently by the input variables of groundwater model. Mutual entropy analysis is more competitive and appropriate for delineating the nonlinear and nonmonotonic multivariable relationship than stepwise regression analysis.     

Tomographic velocity inversion for ADCIGs in areas with a rugged surface

Pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis is one of the key techniques influencing image quality. As for areas with a rugged surface and complex subsurface, conventional prestack depth migration velocity analysis corrects the rugged surface to a known datum or designed surface velocity model on which to perform migration and update the velocity. We propose a rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion method based on angle-domain common image gathers by which the velocity field can be updated directly from the rugged surface without static correction for pre-stack data and improve inversion precision and efficiency. First, we introduce a method to acquire angle-domain common image gathers (ADCIGs) in rugged surface areas and then perform rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion. Tests with model and field data prove the method to be correct and effective.